And then also, they went to India and then they went to Indonesia, the Philippines and then to the Americas. They came to California in By that time, they had already perfected the best ways to force that conversion, to become a citizen of Spain and to become Christians. And that was the mission system. With the mission system there was enslavement.
Indians did not go to the missions voluntarily and they did not go there to find a better life, to find God and to learn agriculture. Indians had a very long history of governance. They had a strong culture and very strong spiritual beliefs. And yet they were looked at as not being human beings by the pope.
One more thing about the papal bulls; in there's a Supreme Court decision referred to as the Macintosh decision. The Macintosh decision says that the Doctrine of Discovery is the law of the land for the United States. It was the foundation of the land use laws in the United States. Let's remember, the Doctrine of Discovery says if that people don't assimilate, they would be killed.
And that's why all the Indian massacres, the killings of the Indians, is because the Indians were not seen as human beings according to the church and the European countries that were doing the conquest or the discoveries. That's a really important part of the history that's never told. You know, whenever they would build a mission, they always had a bell there.
And that bell was meant to control them. It would ring in the morning when it's time to get up. It would ring when it was time to go to work. It would ring when it was time to break for lunch and dinnertime. It would ring when it was time for them to say prayers. They were controlled by those bells. It's just a way of controlling and dominating the California Indians.
And then in , that's when the automobile is coming out. They wanted to really do a lot to promote California tourism. So that's when they developed those mission bells as a sign to come and visit the mission bells and learn the history of the missions and see how beautiful and peaceful these places were.
And see how wonderful it was for the Indians to come to this peaceful, happy place. It doesn't talk about San Juan Batista, the mission that I descend from, where 19, Indians died as of And there was still another 10 years of the mission period to go. There's a lot more death than that in that one mission. The Indians who went to the mission in Santa Cruz had a life expectancy in that was less than two years. There was a father there - Father Quintana - he was very sadistic. He would just beat the Indians mercilessly.
And then, one time he got his whip and he started putting barbs on the whip. Like barbed wire. So, whenever he whipped the Indians it would tear their flesh. He was just putting fear and terror into them.
Right after he started using that whip, the Indians killed him. And they also removed his testicles, interestingly. Because it's reported that he also would sexually abuse the Indians.
They say that one of the reasons the Indians killed him is that he raped the wife of a Chief that had been brought in. And he did that to show power and domination over that Chief and over that Indian. These are stories of the Indians that are never told. So then they wanted to promote these bells in to make the missions these wonderful places and continue telling you a false history of false lies about how beautiful, peaceful and loving the missions were.
Our tribe Amah Mutsun said, "No, we won't allow that. The truth has got to be told about this. Not only in Santa Cruz, but all the mission bells on state lands in California. As you probably know, those mission bells are pretty prevalent on the El Camino Real, which is now known as Highway You know, they have mission bells every mile, mile and a half, on both sides of the road.
Just to glorify the mission period and a false history. And to talk about the wonderful people who first came to California to settle it. And we're not going to let that happen. We're going to continue that campaign in California until all the bells on government property are removed. We're going to go to the state of California and get them to remove the bells on the El Camino Real.
And then try to get other communities to remove the mission bells that are in their city limits, that are on public property. It's wrong to give us a constant reminder every mile, every mile and a half, that our culture was destroyed, that our spirituality was destroyed, that our environment was destroyed. That we were worthless and had no soul. And that we were the enemies of Christ. And we were nothing but savages that needed to be put into perpetual slavery. That history is not going to continue; it must not continue.
And that's what the effort to remove the bells is about. Is that bell up at the mission or the church? There's a bell right there on public property. And so, we're going to have it removed. And the third one is at Soquel and Dakota. The Black Lives Matter movement and other social justice movements have really expanded hugely, and there are more people now it seems around the world, calling for this kind of action to remove symbols of slavery, genocide, brutality.
Earlier this year, in February, there were discussions about removing a statue of George Washington from the park in Watsonville. George Washington owned a lot of slaves. So, the discussion was about removing that statue. It was quite a heated debate, with some arguing that if you remove the statue of the slave owner president, that people will forget that history.
The committee decided to remove the statue, but put it somewhere like a library or a museum with a plaque explaining the history of George Washington and his participation in slavery. What do you think about this argument, that if we remove these symbols, like the bells, that it removes the history? They're going to find a museum to put this bell in there. And they're going to talk about the history of the bells and our opposition to the bell.
And they're going to talk about the tribal people here and what the impact of the missions was on our tribe and all of the California tribes. They're going to tell the truth. Those symbols will be used to tell the truth and not to glorify or to honor those perpetrators. We're okay with that, at least for the mission bells.
For the other ones, like George Washington, others are going to have to decide how they see best. But for the mission bells, this is what we're asking for. I don't know if there's any movement to remove that?
But that's not our territory. And that's what's happening there. Is Santa Cruz the first place to remove bells? They passed the resolution to approve the removal of the bells by a unanimous vote. So, the city of Santa Cruz, as I said, is very supportive. We first met with the city in or , to talk about the removal of the bells. What's going to happen on August 28th is a long time coming in that regard, because we started talking about it a while back.
But then we had the fires and the flu. And we had to have a number of meetings with council members and staff, etc. They had to do research on how the bells came about and who supported them and let them know about our efforts to take them down.
And to see how they felt about it. So, it took a while to get to where the city was comfortable in approving the removal of the bells. We wanted to do it that way versus a protest or just ripping down the bells.
Our elders have directed us that really, we're not allowed to do that. We have to do it in a respectful way. And so that's what we're doing. It is. And you know, this is not the only event that's happening in Santa Cruz regarding the missions. In Alta California, one such road helped link the presidios military forts , pueblos civil towns , and religious missions that Spain furiously began building in to parry the territorial ambitions of Russia and Britain. But the stories told today about the footpath diverge from its actual history.
The road's exact route was not fixed; the actual path changed over time as weather, mode of travel, and even the tides dictated. Furthermore, while the road provided local transportation links between colonial settlements, the primitive highway was eclipsed in importance by a coastal water route between Alta California's south and north.
Ships rather than the so-called royal road usually transported goods and passengers over long distances. By the late nineteenth century, although local segments of the old trail were still heavily used, the route as a whole had faded into obscurity. As Phoebe S. Kropp explains in her book " California Vieja ," it took the convergence of two powerful trends at the turn of the twentieth century to transform El Camino Real from an forgotten pathway into a main-traveled road.
The first was the rise of the automobile, which created a small but influential group of wealthy Californians who clamored for a well-maintained state highway. The second was a reinterpretation of Spanish colonial California as a romantic paradise, fueled by the publication of Helen Hunt Jackson's "Ramona" and set within a broader cultural embrace of Southern California as a American Mediterranean retreat — "Our Italy," as Charles Dudley Warner titled his book on the region. Regional boosters saw California's missions — some of which still functioned as parish churches, but many of them long-neglected and crumbling into ruin — as a place where tourists could commune with California's romantic past from the comfort of their modern machines.
To clothe El Camino Real with mythic significance, they invented sentimental stories about Franciscan fathers traveling along the road from mission to mission, which were supposedly spaced one day apart along the trail. Spearheaded by Los Angeles writer and activist Harrie Forbes and backed by groups like the Auto Club, the California Federation of Woman's Clubs, and the Native Daughters of the Golden West, efforts to refashion El Camino Real into a tourist highway gained steam in the first decade of the 20th century.
In , supporters organized the El Camino Real Association to mark the historical route, promote tourism along the road, and lobby for government support. The actual, historical route — which had shifted many times, in any case — often evaded the association's trackers.
But between and , the association succeeded in placing more than roadside markers along an approximation of the original footpath. Consisting of a bell fashioned after those at Los Angeles' Plaza Church, and hung from a pole resembling a shepherd's staff, the markers assured motorists that they were on the correct route, often indicating the distance in miles to the nearest mission. The markers were the design of Forbes, who with her husband owned the only bell foundry west of the Mississippi.
Auto Club strip maps, reproduced above, provided another invaluable aid to tourists. The roadway itself fell short of expectations at first. While the State Highways Act authorized construction of a paved road along the route of El Camino Real, construction lagged and for many years much of the historic road remained only a primitive trail.
Between cities there were streams to ford and steep grades to scale. Sometimes, teams of horses would rescue automobiles trapped in mud. Finally, by the mids, the highway construction was complete, and in the state legislature designated much of it as U. Highway Rather, HOV lanes are always added to existing facilities. Each vehicle that travels on an HOV lane must carry the minimum number of people posted at the entrance signs. Usually that means at least two people, or in some cases three people.
Each child counts as an occupant, but pets, infants still in the womb, inflatable dolls or ghosts do not we've heard 'em all. Exceptions: Motorcycles, even those carrying just one person, are allowed to use the HOV lanes. Some HOV lanes are in operation only during certain hours, which are posted.
Outside of those hours, they may be used by all vehicles. The California Department of Transportation Caltrans currently maintains approximately , traffic signs on our State highway system. Of the total, approximately , are ground-mounted regulatory, warning, construction or service signs constructed primarily of aluminum substrate with retroreflective sheeting background and copy. The remaining 20, signs are overhead guide signing. Highway memorials along the road creates hazardous situations for travelers.
As much as we would like to allow grieving friends and relatives to place personal tributes to lost loved ones, it really isn't safe to locate them along the highway. Unfortunately, displays of this nature can also be a distraction to other drivers, thereby jeopardizing their safety as well.
Consequently, Caltrans does not allow memorials to be placed on the state right-of-way. The purpose of the California Department of Transportation Caltrans , Civil Rights Program is to increase the level of participation of disadvantaged businesses in all Federal contracting activities.
The Division of Structure Maintenance and Investigations is responsible for managing the department's transportation structures. This includes performing bridge inspections in accordance with federal regulations on over 12, State Highway bridges and approximately 12, bridges owned by local government agencies.
Other responsibilities include making structure work repair recommendations, determining the safe load capacity of all bridges, reviewing and approving encroachment permits and air space lease proposals involving structures, delivering plans, specifications and estimates for bridge maintenance projects, and coordinating the protective coating work on over state highway steel bridges. This Division also has the lead responsibility for the investigation and repair of structures damaged by vehicular collision, fire, flood, earthquake etc.
The DMV is the agency that provides the carpool lane sticker to vehicles that qualify once the customer fills out the necessary DMV application form. Should you have other questions or need further assistance please call for more information.
If your RV or motorhome is 40 feet long or less, or your RV plus a trailer is 65 feet long or less, you can travel virtually anywhere in California. For single-unit motorhomes and tour buses that are over 40 feet up to 45 feet in length, see our Legal Truck Access page. Information about foot motorhomes and buses in California. Information on our current inventory of properties for sale can be found on our Excess Lands - Properties for Sale page.
This question is not exactly the easiest to answer because, depending upon when the original portion of a freeway was constructed, the widths can vary. They can also vary a little where lanes have been added to a freeway and there is no more room for expansion.
An eight lane freeway would consist of an outside shoulder, four travel lanes, an inside shoulder and then on the other side, lanes going in the opposite direction, would be the inside shoulder, 4 travel lanes and an outside shoulder. Outside Shoulders are generally 10' 4 lanes of travel way are 48' 12' per lane Inside Shoulders are 8' So overall an eight-lane freeway would be ' wide on an average.
Inside shoulders can vary from 5' to 8', Outside shoulders can vary from 5' to 10' and travel lanes depending upon the type of highway can vary from 10' to 15'.
Every year Caltrans receives thousands of requests for information from students and researchers. We are not staffed to handle these requests individually, but some of our on-line resources are listed below:. For information about child car seats, contact the Department of Motor Vehicles. Legislation requires operative on January 1, that children be in a car seat age appropriate until the child is 6 years of age or weighs 60 pounds or more.
You can check with the Department of Motor Vehicles for clear language and laws on child passenger restraint systems. What are the California laws regarding Caltrans? Whats happening with RideShare programs? Where can I find out about Caltrans bids and contracts?
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Who can answer my questions about engineering exams? When should I use snow tires? Here is the Vehicle Code citation regarding snow tires: How can my disadvantaged company do business with Caltrans? To find out more about Caltrans efforts to increase participation of disadvantaged businesses we recommend you visit our Office of Civil Rights OCR. Who can answer my question about Bay Area bridge tolls?
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How can I buy land from Caltrans? Where can I find out about alternative fuel vehicles? Where can I find payment history information on my contract with Caltrans? Please visit our Vendor Payment History page. Where can I get a smog inspection done? Where can I get travel and tourist information? Where can I find standard specifications and special provisions?
For a complete list of specifications, please visit our Design Program. How can I adopt a highway? Visit our Adopt-a-Highway page. What is Caltrans going to do about the parking shortage in my town? What is Caltrans? Why does it seem like Caltrans is always working on the roads? Why can't Caltrans work on highways at night?
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