Its ideology and anti-Western rhetoric closely resembles that of Al Qaeda, making the two organizations natural allies. The men reached an arrangement to coordinate attacks whereby JI would scout potential targets and provide supplies. In turn, Al Qaeda would provide funding, expertise and a number of willing suicide bombers. Fortunately, many of these attacks never came to fruition and Hambali was arrested in Thailand in In addition to its assistance in planning attacks in Southeast Asia, Al Qaeda provided guerrilla training to JI operatives at its camps in Afghanistan.
Between and November , many JI members were trained there, including its senior explosive expert, Dr. Azahari Husin. Despite the incarceration of several top leaders, JI continues to pose a threat to the stability of security of Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia.
Indonesian authorities believe that the organization is behind an October suicide bombing in Bali which killed at least Though the extent of coordination between Al Qaeda and JI in this attack is unknown, authorities believe that several of the planners, including Azahari Husin, were trained by Al Qaeda. The Abu Sayyaf Group is a small militant Islamic organization operating out of the southern Philippines, where it seeks to establish an Islamic state.
Founded around , it is known for its brazen kidnappings and brutal beheadings. It has also conducted a number of large attacks on Filipino and foreign civilians, including a February bombing of a ferry in Manila harbor which killed people.
Additionally, intelligence officials believe that Abu Sayyaf members have trained in Al Qaeda terrorist camps in Afghanistan. Despite their past cooperation, the current operational links between Al Qaeda and Abu Sayyaf are unclear. According to police reports stemming from recent arrests in the Philippines, Abu Sayyaf also trains and coordinates attacks with the Al Qaeda-linked Jemaah Islamiyah.
Hattab declared that the new group would refrain from attacking civilians. Largely due to this policy, the GSPC quickly rose to prominence in Algeria's rural areas, where most of its support is located. It repeatedly attacks the Algerian military and also kidnaps Western tourists in an effort to weaken and ultimately overthrow the Algerian government, replacing it with Islamic rule based on a "pure" interpretation of the Koran.
The group is now closely allied with Al Qaeda, from which it receives material and financial support. Members of the organization have stated that that bin Laden himself ordered the creation of the group and continues to bankroll it. In the past, the group has targeted France, and in September it issued a statement threatening the country with more attacks.
Around the same time, a GSPC operative in Algerian custody divulged information about a cell in France which was allegedly planning to carry out major terrorist attacks on the Paris subway, Orly airport and the headquarters of the French intelligence service.
Members of the organization have been arrested in major raids in Italy, France and Spain. It espouses the same rigid Salafist ideology as Al Qaeda. Intelligence services hold the group accountable for several major terrorist attacks, including the Madrid train bombings that killed over people and injured at least 1, European and U.
Al Qaeda in Iraq was formed shortly after the U. The immediate goal of the group was to end the American occupation of Iraq by killing Americans and their Iraqi supporters.
The two organizations are known to jointly plot strategies and tactics. The group has been responsible for some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in Iraq, often targeting Iraqi police recruits and government officials.
It has targeted Shiites in an attempt to destabilize relations between Iraq's Sunni and Shiite populations, and it has also beheaded foreigners, including American Nick Berg.
It is considered the most dangerous terrorist organization in the country. Ansar al-Islam was formed in by Kurdish Islamists and militants loyal to Osama bin Laden, who allegedly helps fund the group. At its founding, the group sought to establish an Islamic nation in the Kurdish areas of northern Iraq, but after the U. The group has claimed responsibility for a number of high-profile suicide bombings in Iraq. In , Ansar al-Islam seized control of a small piece of territory in northern Iraq, near the Iranian border.
Under the direction of its spiritual leader Mullah Krekar, Ansar al-Islam enforced a strict form of Islamic rule in its newly-acquired territory. Shortly thereafter, Al Qaeda operative Abu Musab al-Zarqawi joined with Ansar al-Islam and set up a number of alleged terrorist training camps in the area. In one of the first operations of the U. Special Forces, alongside Kurdish partisan fighters, attacked and destroyed the Ansar al-Islam headquarters in the village of Sargat in March Krekar was arrested in Norway in and is awaiting extradition to Iraq.
Since , Jaish Ansar al-Sunna Arabic for "Army of the Followers of the Teachings" has carried out some of the most lethal terrorist attacks in Iraq, including many suicide bombings, in an effort to achieve its ultimate goal of establishing a fundamentalist Islamic government in the country. Living in Nairobi at the time, I had been in the embassy to collect a US visa a couple of days before the attack but my Kenyan friend was not so lucky and was killed.
Both US embassies were badly damaged — in Nairobi, a memorial park was constructed on the site with a new embassy built elsewhere while Dar es Salaam got a new highly fortified embassy with a monument to the victims in its grounds.
I have visited both memorials and read the names of all these innocent victims of jihadi terrorism. These US embassy bombings did not only prioritize Al-Qaeda and Bin-Laden to western intelligence agencies and introduce them to the global media, it also enhanced their credibility to aspiring jihadists, helped raise funds, and recruited supporters.
Although Bin-Laden had seen military action against the Soviets in Afghanistan, he had subsequently avoided frontline conflict, returning to Jeddah before migrating to Khartoum in having been invited by the new National Islamic Front NIF to set up business there.
Inspire lone-wolf attacks, that is, attacks from individuals who are sympathetic to the cause, even if not necessary directly linked to the organization. One can see more clearly that it is in this sphere of activity that the terrorist political use of terror is employed.
Some of the stages highlighted above, primarily the second, fourth, and seventh, make use of terror to try to transform in the future the correlation of forces on behalf of ISIS. Like with the case of al-Qaeda, we can also compare ISIS's complexity through the prism of its finances.
As opposed to bin Laden's al-Qaeda, which to a large degree depended on donations, there are reports that Baghdadi's organization administers various financial resources, especially stemming from the annexation of production centers and oil fields. Given ISIS's ambitious goals, it needs human resources, particularly soldiers, to carry them out. The total number of militants is difficult to pin down.
Accessed on January 27, Even if we take the more conservative estimate, we are dealing with a number that is far from insignificant. We should also add foreign combatants to these numbers. Table 02 presents our comparative framework, based on the analysis carried out on this article. From the synthesis it presents, we can weave together considerations about the implications of this comparison.
Thumbnail Table 02 Al-Qaeda vs. Through the prism adopted here, such a difference is derived from distinct political objectives, despite the two organizations mirroring the desire to reverse a status quo of the submission of the Muslim world to the West. As a result, equating both groups as terrorist would be imprecise. ISIS is a more complex organization which ultimately aimed to reconfigure the Levant's borders.
Furthermore, with different objectives and logics of action, the two groups have different behaviors. While al-Qaeda privileges terrorist attacks that are relatively cheap and have the goal of transforming the correlation of forces in the future, ISIS — given its ambition to have a regional foothold — makes non-terrorist use of terror while also, however, incentivizing the terrorist use of terror, above all in Europe. Such a consideration reinforces the arguments against ideas that argue for a direct causality between religion and terrorism.
A second consideration is relative to combat. As we have seen, terrorism is a response to a specific sociopolitical juncture and it is therefore not possible to ignore the influence that foreign interference has had on the formation of both groups.
In the case of al-Qaeda, fighting involves fewer strategies of militarization and more investments in understanding what are logistic necessities, such as how to recruit and train militants and how to cut off financing channels. From a regional point of view, one can argue that the goal of consolidating the caliphate is collapsing, but it would be hasty to argue that the group is definitively finished.
As mentioned before, ISIS has two fronts of combat, and it is the regional one that is under threat now. This brings us to one last point, which is relative to the danger posed by both groups. However, if ISIS continues to lose territory, it would not seem unreasonable to predict that ISIS could also privilege a stance closer to that of al-Qaeda, incentivizing more terrorist attacks on Europe and the U.
Consequently, the comparison set out here incentivizes a certain research agenda even more, such as, for example, the recruitment of militant domestic and foreign and the actions of lone wolves, along with reinforcing the argument that terrorism is not something that has emerged spontaneously from the Middle East.
On the contrary, it is intimately linked to the functioning and the contradictions of the contemporary international system. Open menu Brazil. Brazilian Political Science Review. Open menu. Text EN Text English. Political Sci. Table 01 Axes of analysis. Table 02 Al-Qaeda vs. Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol.
Political Studies Review Vol. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism Vol. International Security Vol. Carta Internacional Vol. In: The history of terrorism : from antiquity to Al-Qaeda. International Politics Vol. Terrorism and Political Violence Vol. In: Critical terrorism studies : a new research agenda.
Information Processing and Management Vol. New York: I. Critical Studies on Terrorism Vol. Annual Review of Political Science Vol. International Relations Vol. After more than days of battle, Mosul was retaken by Iraqi forces.
On December 19, , the Tunisian Anis Amri drove a truck through a Christmas Market in Berlin, killing at least 12 people and wounding another ISIS claimed authorship of the terrorist attack carried out on December 31, , which killed 39 people and wounded 61 in the Reina nightclub in Istanbul.
Given the purposes of the article, a more detailed history of al-Qaeda is outside our scope. An apostate is a person who renounces a religion, political belief, or principles.
The fundamental and canonical sources of Islam are the Qur'an and the Sunnah examples of Muhammad, brought together in collections of records of his words and feats. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Jihad is a term with many possible meanings, usually divided between lesser and greater jihad. According to data assembled by Byman a, p. A detailed historical panorama of ISIS is outside the scope of this article.
For this subject, we suggest Stern and Berger This typology presents the additional following ideal types. Publication Dates Publication in this collection History Received 14 Mar Accepted 15 Oct This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Tables 2. Context of origin: Verify what led to the groups' emergence Objectives: Evaluate what status quo it seeks to alter Methods of action: Analyze the means used to achieve its objectives and their link — direct or indirect — with those objectives. The next section will analyze al-Qaeda. Afterwards, we will outline ISIS. Establish presence in other societies 2.
Accentuate tensions 3. Extract resources 4. Propaganda 5. Attract other leaders 6. Indoctrinate recruits 7. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. PDF English. Google Google Scholar.
Terror or Terrorism? In light of this trend, Al Qaeda leaders' shift toward more explicitly political and ideological rhetoric seems to signal a direct attempt to broaden the movement's appeal, solicit greater financial and material support, and possibly inspire new and more systematically devastating attacks.
Some experts have argued however, that the uncompromising, anti-democratic tone of some public statements by Bin Laden and Al Zawahiri may alienate Muslims who oppose theocracy or who support secular or representative government. The anti-Shiite sectarian rhetoric of some Al Qaeda affiliates and the persistence of terrorist attacks that kill and maim Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iraq also undermine Al Qaeda's appeal among some groups.
Experience suggests that Al Qaeda's leaders believe that regular attempts to characterize Al Qaeda's actions as defensive and religiously sanctioned will increase tolerance of and support for their broader ideological program. The identification of limited political objectives and the implication that their fulfilment will resolve broader grievances may generate broader appeal than the group's underlying ideological agenda. Osama Bin Laden's truce proposals addressed to citizens of the United States and its European allies illustrate this trend, but the proposals' validity has been questioned due to ongoing attacks and continuing threats.
Overall, Al Qaeda leaders' statements from the mids through the present indicate that they continue to see themselves and their followers as the vanguard of an international Islamic movement primarily committed to ending U. Public statements addressed to regional and international populations will likely continue to play a prominent role in Al Qaeda's efforts to achieve its goals.
Recent Al Qaeda messages have been produced by a dedicated studio, known as the Al Sahab. Institute for Media Productions. For example, in Bin Laden's October pre-U. At the time, Bin Laden expressed no solidarity or sympathy for Saddam Hussein or his regime, explaining—"We, as Muslims, do not like the Iraqi regime but we think that the Iraqi people and their children are our brothers and we care about their future.
See Samuel P. The fatwa argued that defensive jihad was necessary "in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip [the U.
By electing these leaders, the American people have given their consent to the incarceration of the Palestinian people, the demolition of Palestinian homes and the slaughter of the children of Iraq.
This is why the American people are not innocent. The American people are active members in all these crimes. Although portions of the text may reflect revised perspectives and the benefit of hindsight, its key statements of intent correspond to elements of prior statements by Osama Bin Laden and other Al Qaeda figures.
It was crowned by the announcement of Bush Jr. Has Shaykh Usama Bin Ladin not informed you that you will not dream of security until we live it in reality in Palestine and before all infidel armies leave the land of Muhammad, may peace be upon him?
You however shed rivers of blood in our land so we exploded volcanoes of anger in your land Our message to you is crystal clear: Your salvation will only come in your withdrawal from our land, in stopping the robbing of our oil and resources, and in stopping your support for the corrupt and corrupting leaders. Bin Laden described the stakes of the confrontation between coalition and jihadist forces in Iraq in the following terms: "The whole world is watching this war and the two adversaries; the Islamic nation, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies on the other.
It is either victory and glory or misery and humiliation. The nation today has a very rare opportunity to come out of the subservience and enslavement to the West and to smash the chains with which the Crusaders have fettered it. Bin Laden: "The one who stays behind and fails to join the Mujahidin when Jihad becomes an individual duty commits a cardinal sin The most pressing duty after faith is repelling the aggressor enemy.
This means that the nation should devote its resources, sons, and money to fight the infidels and drive them out of its lands. See also the Quran-Al Tawbah, The brothers in the group there should heed his orders and obey him in all that which is good. Bin Laden urged followers to " These are the most important operations. Bin Laden sanctioned cooperation with Baathists "despite our belief in the infidelity of socialists. The Iraqi who joins this renegade government to fight against the Mujahidin, who resists occupation, is considered a renegade and one of the infidels, even if he were an Arab from Rabi'ah or Mudar tribes.
Judging by statements made in the letter, Al Zawahiri largely shared Al Zarqawi's disdain for Shiite Muslims generally and Iraq's Shiite political groups in particular. He questions the timing of Al Zarqawi's anti-Shiite operations because in his opinion, a majority of the Sunni community Al Qaeda is trying to mobilize on a region-wide basis do not feel as strongly or as negatively about Shi'ism or the Shiite community in Iraq.
And similarly, the brothers in the Islamic State of Iraq must open their hearts to their brothers and listen to them and take what they throw them seriously, and at the same time, they must sincerely advise their brothers about the mistakes or shortcomings they see in them. For example, Bin Laden has linked his opposition to insufficiently Islamic governance in Saudi Arabia to his view that under the Saudi monarchy, "absolute obedience and supremacy are given to the king and his laws, and not to God's religion.
According to Bin Laden, Muslims have a right to participate in the selection of their rulers only under certain "conditions," namely the absence of occupying foreign powers and the presence of candidates willing to rule solely according to Islamic law. Palestine is under occupation and its constitution is man-made and pagan, and Islam has nothing to do with it.
Rights cannot be restored from a regime when the ruler becomes renegade or refuses to follow religion except by force. Al Zawahiri admits that he is "unable Be active and prevent them from reaching the oil, and mount your operations accordingly, particularly in Iraq and the Gulf for this is their fate. According to Bin Laden, "Islam is one unit that can not be divided Topic Areas About Donate. Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology February 4, — July 9, RL Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mids.
Download PDF. Download EPUB. Topic areas Intelligence and National Security. Summary Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mids.
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